Indian History In Hindi Language
Today is Hindi Day in India. The country celebrates Hindi as the official language of the Indian Union on September 14 every year. September 14 is the day when the Constituent Assembly declared Hindi as the official language for the Union of India in 1949. Hindi is often mistaken to be the national language of India. However, it was initially the official language of only nine Indian states and five union territories including Delhi. Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi invoked the countrymen to enrich and preserve Hindi and other Indian languages, on the inaugural day of the World Hindi Conference in Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh.
We at Indian Eagle celebrate the Hindi Day and share some interesting facts about Hindi language: In 1950, there was a constitutional change in the recognition of Hindi language. The Constitution of India recognized Hindi in the Devanagari script as the official language of the country. The educated class of the then society used to prefer English as a language of official communication even after. English was to be prohibited 15 years after the Constitution of India was formed on January 26, 1950.
A 1997 survey found that 66% of all Indians can speak Hindi, and 77% of the Indians regard Hindi as 'one language across the nation'. Brief History of Hindi:.
But the non-Hindi speaking population of South India, whose mother tongues are hardly similar to Hindi, opposed the proposal to ban the use of English. It forced the Parliament to bring into effect the Official Languages Act 1963, which recognized English as an official language of India. Today, English is the official language of Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh in. Bihar was the first state of British India to have adopted Hindi as its sole official language and replacement of Urdu in the year 1881. Today, about 40% of the total Indian population speaks Hindi in day-to-day life. Hindi is also spoken in a few foreign countries such as South Africa, Mauritius, New Zealand, Surinam, Fiji, Nepal, and Trinidad and Tobago. 180 million people are proud of Hindi as their mother tongue.
It is the second language for almost 300 million people across the globe. Hindi is often referred to as the “Language of Unity’ because of its wide use by the freedom fighters of India during the British Raj. Mahatma Gandhi, an eminent political figure and freedom fighter, encouraged the use of Hindi as the language of communication, the language of protest and the language of the nation’s collective voice. The Oxford Dictionary has incorporated the Hindi word “Swadeshi”, which is a matter of pride for the Hindi-speaking Indians and the descendants of the freedom fighters who used the word “Swadeshi” as a sign of patriotism. Besides this, many Hindi words such as ‘Guru’, ‘Nirvana’, ‘Adda’, etc. Are used in many parts of the world.
Hindi is mostly influenced by Sanskrit language, which dates back to nearly 5,000 BC. It owes its origin to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language group.
The word “Hindi” came from the Persian word “Hind”, which means the “Land of the Indus River.” The river falls into Pakistan after passing through Tibet and northernmost part of India. Hindi was called different names at different stages of its evolution in different eras. Hindi was known as Apabhramsa at its earliest stage. Kalidas, a renowned Sanskrit scholar and literary playwright in ancient India, composed a romantic play titled “Vikramorvashiyam” in Apabhramsa in 400 AD.
There are no articles in Hindi language as English has three articles: a, an, and the. One of the most interesting facts about Hindi is that every noun has its own gender, either masculine or feminine. Adjective and verb forms of a noun change according to the gender of the noun. That’s why learning Hindi language and grammar is a difficult task.
On the other hand, Hindi is one of the easiest languages to read because words are pronounced as exactly as they are written. Hindi language has borrowed many words from Arabic and Persian languages. The Mughals enriched the Hindi vocabulary with many Urdu words. Hindi was immensely influenced and modified by the Mughals. However, Hindi is the youngest of all Indian languages. Hindi is also referred to as a link language as it has interconnected non-resident Indians living around the world. It is the fourth most popular language following Chinese, Spanish and English on the list of ten most widely spoken languages in the world.
George Bush, former President of the USA, had allocated a budget of $114 million to teaching of Hindi as a part of the curriculum from the kindergarten to the graduate level, considering the importance of Hindi as a common native language of Indian Americans during his tenure. Hindi has found acceptance among South Indians of the present generation. Previously, Hindi was not welcome in this part of the country. Deve Gowda, former Chief Minister of Karnataka, spoke up in support of Hindi language in 1997.
Later, former CM of Tamil Nadu, Karunanidhi, recited a Hindi poem during a socio-political campaign. Even current CM of Tamil Nadu, Jayalalitha speaks in Hindi to reach out to the mass during campaigns.
Travel Beats is an Indian Community portal by IndianEagle, a leading travel organization for Indians in USA. Travel Beats celebrates the achievements of young Indians and publishes exclusive stories from the US and India. It also publishes the latest news about Indian Americans from different walks of life and lists upcoming Indian events in USA. It also shares updates from US-India airlines. To be precise, Travel Beats is a consistent effort by IndianEagle to bridge between Indians in America and India.
(5000 BC) carving of in, India Paleolithic era Remains (stone tools and a ) in central India show presence of an early species of man,. Think they lived in India between 200,000 to 500,000 years ago. This period is known as the. The earliest in the subcontinent is the paleolithic site in the. Soanian sites are found in the across India, Pakistan and Nepal.
Mesolithic Modern humans ( ) settled in the at least 12,000 years ago. At that time the last had just ended and climate became warm and dry. First settlements of human beings in India are found in, a place near (, India).
People lived on hunting, and food gathering. Neolithic agriculture sprang up in the region around 7000 years ago, in the lower around 5000 years ago. Later, in South India, agriculture spread southwards and also into around 3800 years ago. Bronze Age.
The fighting. By the first half of the fifth century, a group of people known as had settled in Afghanistan. They became powerful. They made as their capital city. They started attacking northwestern parts of India. Skandagupta, an emperor of the fought back and kept them away for some years. At last the Huns won and could enter most parts of northern India.
With this the Gupta dynasty came to an end. Most of north India became badly affected by this invasion. However, Huns could not go up to the and the southern parts of India. These parts remained peaceful. No one knows definitely about the fate of Huns after the end of the sixth century. Some historians believe that they mixed up fully with the Indian people of that time.
Late Middle Kingdoms In the history of India, covers a period beginning from around the 6th-7th century. In South India, kings ruled, and kings ruled. They also had trading relationships with the to the west and to the east. In north India, ruled in many kingdoms. Some of those kingdoms continued for hundreds of years.
Harsha's empire After the collapse of the, it was of (a place now in Uttar Pradesh state of India) who united the northern parts of India in one kingdom. After his death several dynasties tried to control north India and ruled from time to time from 7th century till the 9th century as described in some of the sections below. Some of these dynasties were the of and later Kannauj; the of, and the of the Deccan. The Pratiharas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas The kings ruled kingdoms in and some other parts of northern India from the 6th century to the 11th century.
The ruled the eastern part of India. They ruled over areas which are now parts of the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, and the west Bengal, and of Bangladesh. The Palas ruled from 8th century to the 12th century. In the southern parts of India, of (Karnataka) ruled the during the 8th-10th centuries after the end of rule. All these three dynasties always tried to control the entire north India.
During all this time lasting for three to four hundred years, the kings were growing in power and influence. The Rajputs In the 6th century several Rajput kingdoms came into being in Rajasthan. Many other Rajput kings ruled in different parts of north India. Some of these kingdoms continue to survive for hundreds of years during different periods of the history of India. Vijayanagar empire In 1336, two brothers named and founded the in an area which is now in Karnataka state of India.
The most famous king of this empire was. In 1565, rulers of this empire were defeated in a battle. But, the empire continued for about next one hundred years. A number of kingdoms of south India had trading relations with the Arabs in the west, and with Indonesia and other countries of the east. Islamic sultanates Islam spread across the Indian subcontinent over a period of 500 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established sultanates in Delhi.
Indian History In Hindi Language Pdf
In the early 16th century, descendants of Genghis Khan swept across the Khyber Pass and established the, which lasted for 200 years. From the 11th to the 15th centuries, southern India was dominated by Hindu Chola and Vijayanagar Dynasties.
During this time, the two systems—the prevailing Hindu and Muslim—mingled, left lasting cultural influences on each other. Delhi sultanate. The Delhi sultanate was a kingdom based mostly in. It ruled large parts of the for 320 years (1206–1526) Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate.
They are the: the, tughlaq, and the lodi dynasties. The mamluk dynasty was started by Qutbuddin Aibak. He was a slave and thus this dynasty is also called Slave Dynasty. Qutubuddin Aibak also made Qutub minar. His son in law, Iltutmish became the ruler after Qutubuddin aibak.
He completed the qutub minar. The Kingdom of Mysore The was a kingdom of southern India. People known as founded this kingdom in the year 1400. Later on, and his son, fought with the Wodeyar rulers. They also fought with the forces of the British Raj, but were defeated. Under the British Raj, Wodeyar kings continued to rule a large part of Karnataka.
When India became independent on 15th August 1947, Wodeyars’ kingdom chose to become a part of India. The Punjab founded Sikhism and his followers were called Sikhs. The power of Sikhs continued to increase in the northwestern part of India. The Sikhs became rulers of large part of the northwestern India. This is called the Kingdom or Empire. Was the most famous ruler of the Sikh Empire.
He expanded the borders of the Sikh Empire and at the time of his death, this empire covered areas of Punjab, and present day Kashmir and parts of Pakistan. The Sikhs and forces of the British Raj fought many wars. Till Maharaja Ranjit Singh was alive, Britishers were not able to cross the Sutlej river.
After his death, the they took over the entire Punjab after battles with disorganised sikh troops. Durrani Empire For a short period, a person named the founder of Afghanistan ruled some parts of northwestern India. Historians have named his rule as the.
In 1748, he crossed the and attacked, now a part of Pakistan. He also attacked many parts of Punjab. Then, he attacked. At that time, Delhi was the capital of the.
He took many valuable things from India. This included the Peacock Throne of Shah Jahan and the famous diamond named.
Colonial era Colonial period means the time when Western countries ruled India. Western countries also ruled many other countries of Asia, Africa, and South America.
Company Raj Starting in the 1600's the British began a very profitable trading empire in India, centered in Bengal. In the mid-1700's (1725-1774) led the Company to an expanded influence in India with victories over the French, the Bengalis, and the Mughals.
With a victory at the in 1757 Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal. In the hundred years after the battle, the East India Company conquered the entire subcontinent of India.
They did this by trade, political intrigue, and direct military action. The British were very efficient administrators of their domains.
But in 1857 the Indian Mutiny almost destroyed the Company's rule of India. Afterward the British government took control away from the Company. In 1858, India became a part of the and Queen Victoria became the empress of India. The British For ninety years the British ruled India and Burma as a unified territory under the British king or queen. It was divided into eight provinces each with a governor. These provinces were Burma, Bengal, Madras, Bombay, UP, Central Provinces, Punjab, and Assam. A Governor-General (Viceroy) in Calcutta was head of the government.
The way the British conquered India was often divide and rule. In the end, many kingdoms were defeated by the British and the riches taken. For example, many of the Royal Crown Jewels were taken from previous kingdoms in India- including the Koh-I-Noor diamond (one of the worlds largest diamonds) and also stole many other large diamonds and gold. During famines and floods many people died because the government did not help enough.
Any Indian not able to pay the British taxes could be forced into prison and/or publicly beaten. Political opponents were jailed and sometimes killed for speaking out against colonial rule. After taking much of India's natural resources for hundreds of years, England was criticized for not protecting Indians during the partition of India and Pakistan.
During the partition of India and Pakistan, millions of Indians and Pakistanis died. The British also did good things. They built railroads, telegraphs and telephones, improved trade, standardized laws, and water supplies. Many of these things were done to help improve commerce in India and taxes provided to England. They created the Indian Civil Service for administering rules and regulations. They also tried to eliminate practices like burning widows. The British ruled India primarily for the economic benefit of Britain.
India produced cheap raw materials for British industry. Indians had to buy British manufactured goods and profits went back to Britain. Independence Many people in India wanted to be free from British rule. The struggle for independence was long and difficult. Many people protested against the British, and the British tortured many.
They had long promoted divisions among the various Indian rulers and religions. Because Hindus and Muslims fought each other, India was divided into two countries: Pakistan and India. Pakistan was also divided, decades later. The most important leader of the struggle for independence was.
Gandhi believed in a non-violent opposition towards the British. India won its independence, along with Muslim Pakistan, and became a free country on August 15, 1947. Pakistan won independence on 14 August, some hours before India.
Republic of India. Emblem of India On 15 August 1947, was partitioned into two countries, India (Hindustan) and Pakistan. With this the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent ended.
On 26 January 1950, Hindustan adopted a constitution. From that day, Hindustanis became the Republic of India or Indians. During last 60 years, Republic of India has seen different stages in its national life. Some of them are as follows:.
It fought three wars against Pakistan, and one war against China. Wars with Pakistan were fought in 1947, 1965, and 1971. In 1999, it had a limited skirmish in.
The war with China was fought in 1962. In 1971, the Republic of India also helped in its freedom struggle.
Under the leadership of (the first Prime Minister of India), India had adopted a. Some economists think it was a. In a mixed economy, and continue together. During this period, lasting for several years up to end-1980s, India could rapidly develop its,.
By the early 1990s, India had changed its. It started several reforms to attract more from other countries.
Local and also got more freedom to carry out their activities. In 1974, India had already detonated its first. It repeated the same in 1998. With this, it became a.
Presently (As of 2018 ), India is currently the fifth largest economy in terms of gross. It is the 4th largest economy of the world when accounting for. Some think that in coming decades, India’s economy will become still larger. Related pages. References. Multi Disciplinary Geoscientific Studies. Geological Survey of India.
Archived from on 19 June 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2007. Rendell H.R. Pleistocene and Palaeolithic investigations in the Soan Valley, northern Pakistan. British Archaeological Reports International Series. Cambridge University Press.
Unknown parameter coauthors= ignored ( author= suggested). Parth R. An overview of the Siwalik acheulian & reconsidering its chronological relationship with the Soanian – a theoretical perspective. Possehl G.L. Annual Review of Anthropology 19 (1): 261–282.:.
Retrieved 6 May 2007. See map on page 263. Indian archaeology, a review. Excavations at Alamgirpur. Delhi: Archaeol. Leshnik L.S.
'The Harappan 'port' at Lothal: another view'. American Anthropologist, New Series, 70 (5): 911–922. Kenoyer, Jonathan (1998). Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation. USA: Oxford University Press. Kenoyer, J.
The Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Oxford University Press. Check oclc= value.
Incredible India. Retrieved 2010.
Check date values in: accessdate=. Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
More reading. Allan, J. Wolseley Haig, and H. Dodwell, The Cambridge Shorter History of India (1934)., H.C.
Raychaudhuri, and Kaukinkar Datta. London: Macmillan. Smith, Vincent.
The Oxford History of India (1981) Other websites.